Questions

Straight and Level (20151214)

• What is the work flow for changing cruise?

  Power, Attitude, Speed, Trim (PAST)

• What is the work flow for maintaining cruise?

  Attitude, Lookout, Attitude, Performance (ALAP)

• What are the four forces at straight and level?

  Lift, Weight, Thrust, Drag

• What is the effect of the four forces at straight and level?

  They all equal zero.

• Under straight and level, AoA increases. What other effect occurs?

  IAS decreases

• Under straight and level, IAS increases. What other effect occurs?

  AoA decreases

• Under straight and level, AoA decreases. What other effect occurs?

  IAS increases

• Under straight and level, IAS decreases. What other effect occurs?

  AoA increases

• What are the two types of drag?

  Induced, Parasitic

• What are the three types of parasite drag?

  Form, Skin Friction, Interference

• Which of the two types of drag is most pronounced?

  Induced drag

• What are the effects of induced drag and parasite drag?

  Induced drag causes nose-down attitude. Parasite drag causes nose-up attitude to a lesser effect. The horizontal stabiliser causes a nose-up pitch to account for the difference.

• What are the three types of stability?

  Positive, Neutral, Negative

• What is the type and axis of stability of the longitudinal axis of roll?

  Positive stability on pitch

• What is the type and axis of stability of the lateral axis of pitch?

  Neutral stability on roll

• What is the axis of stability of the directional axis?

  Yaw

• What is the application of normal cruise?

  Power at 2300rpm, “5 fingers” attitude, gives performance of 100KIAS

• What is the application of fast cruise?

  Power at 2500rpm, “6 fingers” attitude, gives performance of 110KIAS

• What is the application of slow cruise?

  Power at 2100rpm, “4 fingers” attitude, gives performance of 80KIAS

• What is the application of slow cruise with flaps?

  Power at 2100rpm, “5 fingers” attitude, gives performance of 70KIAS

• What is the lift equation?

  lift equals the coefficient of lift multiplied 0.5 rho multiplied velocity squared mutiplied wing area.

  lift equals lift coefficient multipled 0.5 multipled air density multipled velocity squared multipled wing area.

  L = Cl * .5 * r * V^2 * A

Climbing and Descending (20151218)

Climbing

• What is VCW?

  The Vertical Component of Weight.

• What is RCW?

  The Rearward Component of Weight.

• What is the definition of a climb?

  An increase in altitude at constant airspeed.

• In a climb, what components make up thrust?

  Drag + RCW.

• What is Vx?

  Best angle of climb.

• How is Vx calculated?

  Vx is the greatest difference between Thrust Available (TA) and Thrust Required (TR) on a thrust versus speed graph.

• What is Vy?

  Best rate of climb.

• How is Vy calculated?

  Vy is the greatest difference between Power Available (PA) and Power Required (PR) on a power versus speed graph.

• If weight is decreased, what happens to best angle of climb?

  increase

• If weight is decreased, what happens to best rate of climb?

  increase

• If flaps are extended, what happens to best angle of climb?

  decrease

• If flaps are extended, what happens to best rate of climb?

  decrease

• If head wind, what happens to best angle of climb?

  increase

• If head wind, what happens to best rate of climb?

  unaffected

• If altitude increases, what happens to best angle of climb?

  decrease

• If altitude increases, what happens to best rate of climb?

  decrease

• What is the power setting to achieve best angle of climb?

  Full throttle

• What is the power setting to achieve best rate of climb?

  Full throttle

• What is the power setting to achieve cruise climb?

  Full throttle

• What is the attitude setting to achieve best angle of climb?

  “high”, screen at horizon"

• What is the attitude setting to achieve best rate of climb?

  “medium”, lower than Vx"

• What is the attitude setting to achieve cruise climb?

  “low”, lower than Vy"

• What is the performance setting to achieve best angle of climb?

  57KIAS

• What is the performance setting to achieve best rate of climb?

  62KIAS

• What is the performance setting to achieve cruise climb?

  75-85KIAS

• What is the rudder input to achieve best angle of climb?

  strong

• What is the rudder input to achieve best rate of climb?

  medium (< Vx)

• What is the rudder input to achieve cruise climb?

  low (< Vy)

• What is the work flow for a climb?

  • Entry: Power, Attitude Speed, Trim

  • Maintain: Attitude, Lookout, Attitude, Performance

  • Exit: Attitude, Speed, Power, Trim

• What airmanship components are considered for climbing?

  • 500ft check lookout.

  • maintain balance with rudder using ball indicator.

  • non-abrupt power changes.

• What threats and management from the aircraft exist during a climb?

  Nose-up attitude obstructs view, managed with 500ft check.

• What threats and management from the pilot exist during a climb?

  Illness e.g. sinus infection, managed with No Fly.

• What threats and management from the environment exist during a climb?

  Climb into Sun obstructs view, managed by not climbing into the Sun.

Descending

• What is FCW?

  The Forward Component of Weight.

• If weight is decreased, what happens to best angle of descent?

  unaffected.

• If weight is decreased, what happens to best rate of descent?

  decrease.

• If flaps are extended, what happens to best angle of descent?

  increase.

• If flaps are extended, what happens to best rate of descent?

  increase.

• If head wind, what happens to best angle of descent?

  increase.

• If head wind, what happens to best rate of descent?

  neutral.

• What is the power setting for a glide descent?

  Idle.

• What is the attitude for a glide descent?

  Straight & level.

• What is the performance setting for a glide descent?

  70KIAS.

• What is the power setting for a cruise descent?

  2000rpm.

• What is the attitude for a cruise descent?

  1 degree down from straight & level.

• What is the performance setting for a cruise descent?

  90KIAS, 500FPM.

• What is the power setting for an approach descent?

  1500-1700rpm.

• What is the attitude for an approach descent?

  “half sky/half ground” view.

• What is the performance setting for an approach descent?

  75KIAS, 500FPM.

• What is the work flow for a descent?

  Begin: Power, Attitude, Trim

  Maintain: Attitude, Lookout, Attitude, Performance

  Exit: Power, Attitude, Trim

• What airmanship components are considered for descending?

  • Airspace; maximum 3500ft due to YBBN traffic.

  • Airspace; the YBAF steps for approach.

  • Carburetor heat

• What threats and management from the aircraft exist during a descent?

  Spark plug fouling, managed by warming the engine.

• What threats and management from the pilot exist during a descent?

  Illness, managed with No Fly.

• What threats and management from the environment exist during a descent?

  Clouds, managed with lookout and no descent into clouds.

Climbing

• Climb the aircraft at best angle

  • Begin climb

    • Rudder high

    • Power at full throttle

    • Attitude top of screen to horizon

    • Speed at 57KIAS

    • Trim

  • Maintain climb

    • Attitude

    • Lookout 500ft check

    • Attitude

    • Performance

  • Exit climb

    • Attitude

    • Speed

    • Power

    • Trim

• Climb the aircraft at best rate

  • Begin climb

    • Rudder medium

    • Power at full throttle

    • Attitude dashboard coaming to horizon

    • Speed at 62KIAS

    • Trim

  • Maintain climb

    • Attitude

    • Lookout 500ft check

    • Attitude

    • Performance

  • Exit climb

    • Attitude

    • Speed

    • Power

    • Trim

• Climb the aircraft at cruise

  • Begin climb

    • Rudder low

    • Power at full throttle

    • Attitude nose to horizon

    • Speed at 75-85KIAS

    • Trim

  • Maintain climb

    • Attitude

    • Lookout 500ft check

    • Attitude

    • Performance

  • Exit climb

    • Attitude

    • Speed

    • Power

    • Trim

Descending

• Descend the aircraft at glide

  • Begin descent

    • Power to idle

    • Attitude to straight and level

    • Trim

  • Maintain descent

    • Attitude

    • Lookout 500ft check

    • Attitude

    • Performance at 70KIAS

  • Exit descent

    • Power

    • Attitude

    • Trim

• Descend the aircraft at cruise

  • Begin descent

    • Power to 2000rpm

    • Attitude to 1 degree down from straight and level

    • Trim

  • Maintain descent

    • Attitude

    • Lookout 500ft check

    • Attitude

    • Performance at 90KIAS, 500FPM

  • Exit descent

    • Power

    • Attitude

    • Trim

• Descend the aircraft at approach

  • Begin descent

    • Power to 1500-1700rpm

    • Attitude to half sky/half ground

    • Trim

  • Maintain descent

    • Attitude

    • Lookout 500ft check

    • Attitude

    • Performance at 75KIAS, 500FPM

  • Exit descent

    • Power

    • Attitude

    • Trim

Turning (20151220)

• Which force turns an aircraft?

  The horizontal component of lift (HCL).

• What makes up a Load Factor?

  The ratio of lift to weight.

• Given a constant IAS and increasing AoB, what happens to Turn Radius and Rate of Turn?

  Turn Radius decreases, Rate of Turn increases

• Given an increasing IAS and constant AoB, what happens to Turn Radius and Rate of Turn?

  Turn Radius increases, Rate of Turn decreases

• What is adverse aileron yaw and how is it counteracted [on the C162]?

  The tendency to yaw out of a turn. Counteracted with a Frise Aileron and Differential Aileron.

• Under a left turn, the inclinometer is left of centre. Respond.

  The aircraft is slipping and requires left rudder input to balance.

• Under a left turn, the inclinometer is right of centre. Respond.

  The aircraft is skidding and requires right rudder input to balance.

• Under a right turn, the inclinometer is right of centre. Respond.

  The aircraft is slipping and requires right rudder input to balance.

• Under a right turn, the inclinometer is left of centre. Respond.

  The aircraft is skidding and requires left rudder input to balance.

• What is overbanking?

  A tendency to roll on a climbing turn, due to a greater AoA on the outer wing. Corrected with aileron.

• What is underbanking?

  A tendency to roll on a descending turn due to a greater AoA on the inner wing. Corrected with aileron.

• What is a gentle turn?

  Up to 15 degrees AoB.

• What is a rate 1 turn?

  A turn that takes two minutes, calculated by (TAS + 7)/10, approximately 15 degrees AoB for C162.

• What is a medium turn?

  Up to 30 degrees AoB.

• What is the limit for a climbing turn?

  15 degrees AoB.

• What is the limit for a descending turn?

  30 degrees AoB.

• Apply a turn.

  1. Lookout

  2. Select reference

  3. Select altitude

  4. Begin turn: ALAP

  5. Bank with aileron

  6. Balance for slip & skid with rudder

  7. Backpressure on elevator

  8. End turn: ALAP

• What airmanship principles apply to turning?

  Clarity on who is in control. Handing over & taking over.

• What threats apply to the aeroplane during a turn?

  The high-wing of the C162 obscures vision, managed with lookout.

• What threats apply to the pilot during a turn?

  Disorientation, managed with handing over.

• What threats exist from the environment during a turn?

  Terrain, managed with lookout.

Stalling (20160104)

• What is the relevance of the Critical Angle of Attack?

  The Angle of Attack (chord line to RAF) at which the lift coefficient is at its maximum and the aircraft stalls. Increasing AoA after Critical rapidly reduces the lift coefficient.

• What is the effect of weight on an aircraft stall speed?

  As weight increases, stall speed increases.

• What is the effect of power on an aircraft stall speed?

  As power increases, stall speed decreases.

• What is the effect of flap on an aircraft stall speed?

  Flap extension, stall speed decreases. Flap retraction, stall speed increases.

• What is the effect of load factor on an aircraft stall speed?

  As load factor increases, stall speed increases.

• What is the HASELL process?

  • Height: Must recover by 3000AGL

  • Airframe: Configured (flap up)

  • Security: No loose objects, hatches and harness secure

  • Engine: Pressures and temps checked

  • Location: Not over built-up areas

  • Lookout: 360 degree clearing turn before commencing and 90 degree between each stall

• An aircraft with Vs = [35-65]KIAS performs a [10,20,30,45,60] degree turn. What is the new stall speed?

  LF = 1 / cos AoB

  New stall speed = Vs * (LF ^ 0.5)

• What is a consequence of aileron in a stall?

  Aileron on the stalled down wing will increase the AoA of the outer wing, resulting in wingdrop and possible spin.

• What are the indicators and recovery of an impending stall?

  • Slow and decaying airspeed

  • Nose-high attitude

  • Less wind noise

  • Controls less responsive

  • Stall warning (5-8KIAS above Critical AoA)

  • Control buffet

  • To recover, lower nose

• What are the indicators and recovery of a developed stall?

  • loss of height (guaranteed)

  • nose drop (maybe)

  • wing drop (maybe)

  • To recover, lower nose to level, add full power, right rudder. After sufficient airspeed, raise nose slightly

• What are common faults of stall recovery?

  • lowering nose too far (do not exceed loss of > 100ft altitude)

  • delayed application of full power

  • pull up too quickly after recovery -> secondary stall

• What threats exist in inducing a stall?

  Low power setting can cause carburetor icing. Apply carburetor heat until stall warning, then turn off.

Circuit Emergencies (20160212)

• What are the parameters for a go-around?

  There are no specified limits. Set personal limits based on conditions, aircraft type, etc.

• Execute a go-around

  1. Full power

  2. Raise nose to cowl on horizon

  3. Flap up one stage, 30 to 20

  4. Achieve minimum 56KIAS

  5. At ~60KIAS, flap up one stage, 20 to 10

  6. At ~65KIAS, flap retracted, 10 to 0

  7. Raise nose to climb

• Execute a flapless approach

  1. Trim nose up

  2. Higher attitudes than normal

  3. Trim substitutes flap

  4. 75-80KIAS on base

  5. Power for speed

  6. 70KIAS approach

  7. Threshold on top of cowling

• Execute Engine Failure After Take-Off prior to rotate

  1. Close the throttle

  2. Apply maximum braking

  3. Exit the runway at nearest taxiway

• Execute Engine Failure After Take-Off after rotate with runway

  1. Lower the nose

  2. Close the throttle

  3. Land the aircraft on the remaining runway

  4. Apply maximum braking

  5. Exit the runway at nearest taxiway

• Execute Engine Failure After Take-Off after prior to rotate without runway

  1. Lower the nose to glide

  2. Select landing area within 30 degrees of heading

  3. Commence a turn only if:

  • already commenced a turn

  • sufficient glide to runway