Turning

20151220

Aim

To learn how to conduct various types of turn, and to turn accurately towards a features and on to specific headings

Objectives

From memory correctly state:

• Using the model, correctly state the force that turns the aircraft.

• From memory, correctly state the effect on turning performance when IAS is increased.

• From memory, correctly state the technique to enter, maintain, and exit a medium level turn.

• VCL ~ Vertical Component of Lift

• HCL ~ Horizontal Component of Lift

• Turn is caused by HCL

• Load Factor (LF) = Lift:Weight

  • Straight & Level, 1:1

  • 30deg, 1.15:1

  • 60deg, 2:1

Turn Performance

• AoB ~ Angle of Bank

• With constant IAS and increasing AoB

  • Turn Radius decreases

  • Rate of Turn increases

• With increasing IAS and constant AoB

  • Turn Radius increases

  • Rate of Turn decreases

Adverse Aileron Yaw

• Adverse Aileron Yaw is tendency to yaw out of turn

• Frise Aileron to counteract

• Differential Aileron to counteract

Slip and Skid

• For example, under a left turn

  • Inclinometer to the left

    *

    Slip: needs left rudder input

  • Inclinometer to the right

    *

    Skid: needs right rudder input

  • Inclinometer centre

    *

    Balanced

Over/Under banking

• Climbing Turn

  • Outer wing

    • Greater AoA on outer wing

    • Overbank tendency

    • Aileron to correct

• Descending Turn

  • Inner wing

    • Greater AoA on inner wing

    • Underbank tendency

    • Aileron to correct

Types of Turn

• Gentle: Up to 15 degrees AoB

• Rate 1: (True Air Speed + 7) / 10, usually ~15 degrees AoB, also known as 2 minute turn

• Medium: 30 degrees AoB

• Climbing: 15 degrees (Rate 1) limit

• Descending: 30 degrees (Medium) limit

Application

1. Lookout

2. Select reference

3. Select Altitude

4. Begin turn: ALAP

5. • Bank with aileron

   • Balance with rudder for slip & skid (slight)

   • Backpressure on elevator (slight)

6. End turn: ALAP

Airmanship

Handing over and taking over clarity.

Threat & Error Management

• Aeroplane

  • Threat: high wing in C162 obscures vision, manage with lookout

• Pilot

  • Threat: disorientation, manage with handover

• Environment

  • Threat: terrain, manage with lookout